DOMESTICATION
AND FOREIGNIZATION IN TRANSLATION OF OSCAR WILDE’S THE HAPPY PRINCE
AND OTHER STORIES INTO PANGERAN BAHAGIA DAN DONGENG-DONGENG LAINNYA
BY RATNA SETYANINGSIH
FINAL
PROJECT OF TRANSLATING-INTEPRETING ANALYSIS
FARINDO
RESKA JENAR
O9202241070
ENGLISH
EDUCATION DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY
OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
YOGYAKARTA
STATE UNIVERSITY
CHAPTER
I : Introduction
What is children
literature? What makes children have to learn it? Does literature too
immature for being taught to the children? There are many questions
such mentioned above in our daily life. Nowadays, especially in
Developing countries, people who have ability in scientifical skill
assume have higher position than other and neglected art and
literature. But pratically, only high civilization people who take a
huge attention on art and literature because those things have direct
impact on how the society behave and communicate. When the literature
work contain much more good moral so it is possible to make the
children have good characteristic besause educational theory said
that children are good imitator.
Children’s
literature more delightful than before. The increasing number of
children literature work and its more various lovers strive for
importance of literature development and spread in order to
fulfilling the reader’s expectation. The effort of spreading abroad
children literature work to international readers can be done by
translate the works into other languages, include Bahasa Indonesia.
Translated children literature works has dominated Indonesian
children literature as a whole. In
the polysystem theory view, translated children literature work take
a central place in Indonesian literature polysystem, while domestic
children literature work has placed in peripheral position. (Eko
Setyo Humanika, Ideologi Penerjemahan Wordplay Dalam Alice’s
Advantures In Wonderland Ke Dalam Bahasa Indonesia).
The Happy Prince and
Others Stories is a group of meaningful classical unique stories. It
has became a legend and still alive through the ages. Oscar Fingal
O’Flahertie Wills Wilde also known as Oscar Wilde (Oct 16th
1854 – Nov 30th
1900) , Poet and Playwright, wrote the stories containing much moral
value, such as love, friendship, faith and etc, stated implicitly. He
wrote it in 1888 as a group of childen’s fairytale. His stories are
the classical model which inform that children literature works don’t
have to be childish. Oscar Wilde’s works showed that literature not
only take part as an entertaintment solely but also take part as a
reflection of society’s problem and its solution too.
The objective of the
research is to find out and analyze the domestication and
foreignization in the target text which translated by Ratna
Setyaningsih.
CHAPTER
II : Literature Review
Definition
of Translation
There are many
theorists describe what translation is in different ways. They have
their own explanation about translation.
Translation means
rendering the meaning of atext into another language in the way that
the author intended the text (Newmark, 1988). It means that the
translation to translate the meaning of the text to another language
muat be intended with the message of the author.
Translation is the
replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent
material in another language (TL) (Catford,in Machali 2000:5). It
means that the translation is changing of the text material of the
source language (SL) to the target language (TL) which in target
language the text has the equivalence in the source language.
Translation involves
the rendering of a source language (SL) text into target language
(TL) so as to ensure that (1) the surface meaning of the two will be
approximately similar and (2) the structures of SL will be seriously
distorted (Basnett,1980:2).
The term of
translation refer to the transfer the meaning of the written message
while the term of the interpretation refer to oral message (Nababan,
1997:12). It means that translation is the transfer the meaning of
written message while interpretation refers to oral message
translation.
Function
of Translation
In
translation, the function of translation as an interlingua
communication activity in developing country to get the information
and technology. This statement is the same with Reiss argument
“interlingual translation ( translation between two different
languages) is a bilingual mediated process of communication, which
usually aims at the production of a target language text that is
fnctionally equivalent to source language text” ( Reiss in venutti,
2000:160). One clear statement is expressed by linguists. He states
“… Translation is a process of communication: the objective of
translating is to import the knowledge of the original to the foreign
reader (Levy in venutti,200:148).
Based
on the argument above e can conclude that the fiction of translation
is not only to transfer a message from one language to another but as
a communicative facilitaties same as the language function and we can
differentiating both the original and translated text asses the
differences and the similiarities between the two languages.
Domestication
and Foreignization in Translation
Yang (2010), in his
paper Brief Study on Domestication and Foreignization in Translation,
states that : “Domestication and foreignization are concerned with
two cultures, the former means replacing the source culture with the
target culture and the latter means preserving the differences of the
source culture”. Only when there are differences in both linguistic
presentation and cultural connotation, domestication and
foreignization exist.
In his 1998 book The
Scandals of Translation: Towards an Ethics of Difference, Lawrence
Venuti states that "Domestication and foreignization deal with
'the question of how much a translation assimilates a foreign text to
the translating language and culture, and how much it rather signals
the differences of that text'".
Singgih Deka in his
essay “ Ideologi Penerjemahan”(Kompasiana.com, Dec 23rd
2011) stated that:
Foreignization:
source text-oriented ideology of translation. It assumes that the
presence of foreign culture has advantages for target reader. The
main characteristic of this ideology is the existence of foreign
cultural aspects which express in target text.
Foreignizational
translator will applicate some methods,such as:
And some techniques,
such as:
Based on Andy Bayu
Nugroho and Johnny Prasetyo’s research entitled “Domestikasi dan
Foreinisasi dan Dampaknya terhadap Terjemahan”, There are several
advantages and drawbacks in foreignization:
Advantages
|
Drawbacks
|
Target
readers be able to comprehend SL culture
|
Target
readers might feel strange on several terms.
|
Target
text be able to set SL culture atsmosphere up.
|
Target
text seems to be complicated and unnatural in use.
|
There
is a possibility of intercultural learning.
|
SL’s
bad aspect can easily influence target reader.
|
Domestication based
on Singgih Deka’s essay is TL-oriented ideology of translation.
Translator determine what to be needed in order to make the text
seems not like to be foreign work for target reader. Domesticational
translator will applicate some methods,such as:
And some techniques,
such as:
Transposition
Modulation
Compesation
Etc
Andy Bayu Nugroho
and Johnny Prasetyo’s research also explain the advantages and
drawbacks of domestication:
Advantages
|
Drawbacks
|
Target
reader can comprehend TT easily.
|
SL
cultural aspects fade away.
|
TT
seems so natural and communicative.
|
Target
reader can’t interprete freely toward TT, because it has been
done by translator.
|
There
is a possibilty of cultural assimilation.
|
Target
reader don’t get SL cultural knowledge.
|
Translation
Tecniques
Direct
Translation Techniques
are used when
structural and conceptual elements of the source language can be
transposed into the target language. Direct translation techniques
include:
Borrowing is the
taking of words directly from one language into another without
translation. Borrowed
words are often printed in italics when they are considered to be
"foreign". E.g : abbatoire,
café, passé
and résumé
(English borrow from French).
A calque or loan
translation (itself a calque of German Lehnübersetzung) is a phrase
borrowed from another language and translated literally
word-for-word. E.g: English include “standpoin”t and “beer
garden” from German Standpunkt and Biergarten .
A word-for-word
translation can be used in some languages and not others dependent on
the sentence structure.
Oblique
Translation Techniques
are used when the
structural or conceptual elements of the source language cannot be
directly translated without altering meaning or upsetting the
grammatical and stylistics elements of the target language. Oblique
translation techniques include:
This is the process
where parts of speech change their sequence when they are translated
(blue ball becomes boule bleue in French).
Consists of using a
phrase that is different in the source and target languages to convey
the same idea: Te lo dejo means literally I leave it to you
but translates better as You can have it.
Here you have to
express something in a completely different way, for example when
translating idioms or advertising slogans. The process is creative,
but not always easy. The movie The Sound of Music into Spanish
as La novicia rebelde (The Rebellious Novice in Latin
America) or Sonrisas y lágrimas (Smiles and Tears in
Spain).
occurs when
something specific to one language culture is expressed in a totally
different way that is familiar or appropriate to another language
culture. E.g : Pincho (a Spanish restaurant menu dish)
translated as kebab in English.
can be used when
something cannot be translated, and the meaning that is lost is
expressed somewhere else in the translated text. E.g : nuances of
formality from languages that use forms such as Spanish informal tú
and formal usted, French tu and vous, and German
du and sie into English which only has 'you', and
expresses degrees of formality in different ways.
CHAPTER
III: Research Method
Research
Method
In this analysis, I
use the library research to find theories dealing with this subject
from various books and dictionary.
Data
and Data Sources
The data source of
this analysis is written text which were taken from one of the
masterpiece books written by Oscar Wilde The Happy Prince and
Other Stories in 1888. This book was translated by Ratna
Setyaningsih, Pangeran Bahagia dan Dongeng- dongeng Lainnya in
2010. The dsta is collected by closely observing the expression and
terms in SL and TL by reading and analyzing them repeatdly. Then the
data were taken directly from the source.
CHAPTER
IV: Research Finding
Foreignization
No
|
Source Text
|
Target Text
|
Story(pages
ST:TT)
|
| 1 |
Ghetto |
Ghetto (kawasan umat
Yahudi) |
The Happy Prince (4:10) |
| 2 |
Linen |
Linen |
The
Happy Prince
(4:9) |
| 3 |
Ornithology |
Ornithologi (Ilmu mengenai
burung) |
The
Happy Prince
(5:11) |
| 4 |
Hawthorn |
Hawthorn |
The
Nightingale and The Rose
(9:32)(9:33) |
| 5 |
Bluebell |
Bluebell |
|
| 6 |
Heather |
Heather |
|
| 7 |
Willow |
Willow |
The Devoted Friend (14:58) |
| 8 |
Gilly |
Gilly |
The Devoted Friend(15:60) |
| 9 |
Sherped’s-Purses |
Kantong-gembala |
|
| 10 |
Fair-maids of France |
Perawan Perancis |
|
| 11 |
Iilac Crocuses |
Crosus ungu |
|
| 12 |
Columbine |
Columbine |
|
| 13 |
Lady’s mock |
Lady’s mock |
|
| 14 |
Honeysuckle |
Honeysuckle |
The Devoted Friend (18:69) |
| 15 |
Aurora Borealis |
Aurora Borealis |
The Remarkable Rocket
(22:88) |
Analysis:
From
The Happy Prince and Other Stories,There are 15 findings of proper
name in 4 (from 5) stories that indicate as foreignization. Mainly,
they classified into 3 categories based on translation technique:
Amplification
There are 2 findings
which amplified by definitions.
Those findings could
be amplified, on account of they have clear definition in dictionary.
Borrowing
There are 10
findings of borrowing : Linen, Hawthorn, Bluebell,Heather, Willow,
Gilly,Columbine, Lady’s mock, Honeysuckle and Aurora Borealis.
Those finding might
be don’t have equivalence in Indonesia’s cultural concept.
Because of the geographical reason (The author came from Europe which
has subtropical climate while Indonesia has tropical one).
Calque
There are 3 findings
of calque:
Sherped’s-Purses
à Kantong-gembala
Fair-maids
of France à Perawan Perancis
Iilac
Crocuses à Crosus Ungu
All of them are the
name of the flowers which don’t have equivalence in Indonesian’s
cultural concept. Translator tried to use calque technique by
translate each elements(words).
Domestication
No
|
Source
Text
|
Target
Text
|
Story(pages
ST:TT)
|
| 1 |
Weathercock |
Hiasan
penunjuk arah angin |
The Happy
Prince (2:3) |
| 2 |
Come to the
point at once |
Blak-blakan |
The Happy
Prince (2:5) |
| 3 |
Courtiers |
Orang-orang di
istana |
The Happy
Prince (3:7) |
| 4 |
Yellow Lions |
Singa-singa |
The
Happy Prince
(5:12) |
| 5 |
Sung |
Kidung |
The
Nightingale and The Rose (8:28) |
| 6 |
The Hyacinth
Blossom |
Sehitam malam |
|
| 7 |
And my love
will be of the company. |
Dan kekasihku
akan datang ke pesta itu. |
|
| 8 |
Amber |
Batu berharga |
The
Nightingale and The Rose (9:31) |
| 9 |
Chamberlain |
Pengurus rumah
tangga kerajaan |
The
Nightingale and The Rose (11:39) |
| 10 |
Pearl |
Putih gading
yang lembut |
The Selfish
Giant (12:44) |
| 11 |
TRESPASSERS
WILL BE PROSECUTED |
DILARANG MASUK |
|
| 12 |
Smilling from
ear to ear |
Tersenyum
sangat lebar |
The Devoted
Friend (16:65) |
| 13 |
Buy back |
Menebus |
The Devoted
Friend (17:66) |
| 14 |
Sunday Coat |
Mantel yang
kukenakan ke gereja di hari minggu |
The Devoted
Friends (17:67) |
| 15 |
But I’m not
like the rest of the world. |
Tapi aku tidak
sama dengan orang lain. |
|
| 16 |
The Sixth
Milestone |
Separuh
perjalanan |
The Devoted
Friend (18:70) |
| 17 |
Say exactly
what one means |
Berterus
terang |
The Devoted
Friends(18:71) |
| 18 |
The Chief of
Mourner |
Pemimpin
iring-iringan orang yang pergi ke pemakaman |
The Devoted
Friend (20:78) |
Analysis:
From The Happy
Prince and Other Stories,There are 18 findings in 4 (from 5) stories
that indicate as domestication. Mainly, they classified into 7
categories based on translation technique:
Description
There are 6 findings
which indicated used description technique:
Weathercock
à Hiasan penunjuk arah angin
Courtiers
à Orang-orang di istana
Chamberlain
à Pengurus rumah tangga kerajaan
Pearl
à Putih gading yang lembut
Sunday
Coat à Mantel yang kukenakan ke
gereja di hari minggu
The
Chief of Mourner à Pemimpin
iring-iringan orang yang pergi ke pemakaman
TL (Bahasa
Indonesia) doesn’t has the equivalence for those items. Translator
has to describe it in order to keep the idea of every item although
it lose some senses because of cultural barrier. E.g: The idea of
“weathercock”.It is rare in Indonesia. Translator render it as
“hiasan penunjuk arah angin”. The idea of “what it is like”
and “where it usually be” are gone.
Reduction
There are 3 items
which indicated as reduction:
Come
to the point at once àBlak-blakan
Yellow
lions à singa-singa
Say
exactly what one means à berterus
terang
TL has shorter
expression in describing those 3 points,on account of target reader
has general idea about what talking about in TL context. For example,
“Yellow lions” render as “singa-singa”, reducting the idea of
“yellow”. Target reader (Indonesian children) already know that
lion is yellow. It is rather different with the general concept in
soure language reader who seldom see lion because of geographical
reason.
Particularization
There is just one
item which indicated as particularization:
Translator render
“sung” into “kidung”. The general idea of “sing” in TL is
“Bernyanyi” but it has several some particular term such as
berdendang (singing without lyric) , nembang (has
traditional sense,especially javanese) and kidung itself
which has sacred sense.
Reformulation
There are 3 items
that indicated as reformulation:
The
Hyacinth Blossom à sehitam malam
TRESPASSERS
WILL BE PROSECUTED à DILARANG MASUK
The
Sixth Milestone à Separuh perjalanan
Translator express
the SL item to TL item with different real meaning. “The Hyacinth
Blossom” and “sehitam malam” (back translation: “as dark as
night”) have different definition but have the similar idea of
“beautiful dark”. When the item translated word-for-word
translation, it will make the target reader confused, e.g: In TL it
is common to forbid someone to enter area with expression of
“DILARANG MASUK” (Back Translation: Don’t Enter) rather than “
ORANG YANG MASUK AREA INI AKAN DITUNTUT” (Back Translation:
Trespasser will be prosecuted).
Modulation
There are 2 items
which show as modulation:
Translator choose
other phrase to convey the same idea of literal meaning. For example,
Phrase “and my love will be of the company” render as “ dan
kekasihku akan datang ke pesta” which has back translation of “
and my lover will come to the ball”. In fact, they state the same
idea.
Adaptation
There are two items
that indicated as adaptation:
It is more familiar
in TL to state “tersenyum sangat lebar” (back translation:
smilling widely) rather than “smilling ear to ear”.
Generalization
There just one item
which shows as generalization:
Translator can’t
find the equivalence of “amber’ so she generalize the idea of
“amber” to “batu berharga” (back translation:precious stone).
CHAPTER
V : Conclusion
The
research show us that translator used domestication ideological
translation based on the level of variation in translation technique.
Domestication has more items to be render than foreignization.
Translator managed the foreign items well although there are some
friction in it. She also be succesful in preserve her ideology,
domestication,even if not exhaustive. There is no absolution in
foreignization or domestication, there is just
foreignization-oriented or domestication oriented.
References:
Hatim,
Basil and Jeremy Munday. 2004. Translation: An Advanced Resource
Book, New York: The Taylor & Francis Group.
Setyaningsih,
Ratna. 2010. Pangeran Bahagia dan Dongeng-Dongeng Lainnya, Surabaya:
PORTICO Publishing.
Wilde,
Oscar . 1888. The Happy Prince and Other Stories, _________: Project
Gutenberg Literary Archieve Fonundation.
Prasetyo,
Johnny and Andy Bayu Nugroho.2009. Domestikasi dan Foreinisasi dan
Dampaknya terhadap Terjemahan , Surakarta : ______
Deka,
Singgih. 2011. Ideologi Penerjemahan, ______: Kompasiana.com
