THE SHIFT CATEGORY IN FACEBOOK INTERFACE TRANSLATION:
ENGLISH –BASA JAWA.
By Farindo Reska Jenar
09202241070
YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY
INTRODUCTION
Long time ago,
communicate just means talk each other. Human can’t share information to
everyone like nowadays. Distance is the hardest obstacle. Until the development
of technology overcome it. The invention of communicative devices, like letter,
telegraph, telephone, internet, etc, has great role in human’s life. Moreover,
the internet has developing rapidly in the decade. We can enjoy a superb fast
communication by just “one click”.
On February 2004, a
Harvard University Student, Mark Zuckerberg (assisted by Dustin Moskovitz,
Chris Hughes and 2 other students ) invented “Facebook”, a social networking
site which the member can share stories, photo, video and etc. At the
beginning, the membership of Facebook was restricted to Harvard University
students then Expanded to US, Canadian, European and Asian students.
Since September 11th
,2006, Facebook has been available for any e-mail address globally, but the
interface is in English only. Then, Facebook launched the Facebook Platform
(F8) on May 24th 2007, which provides a framework for developers to
create applications that interact with core Facebook features. It developed in
many languages such as French, Deustch, Arabic, Tamil, Etc. Especially for
Indonesian users there are 2 language available, Indonesia and Basa Jawa.
Recently, There are 83% words in Facebook which translated from English to Basa
Jawa.
The main consideration why the researcher chose
Facebook as the discourse is the fastest growth of active users among the other
social networks. The aim of the research is : To describe the types and the frequency of shift
in basa jawa translation
of English on
Facebook.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Machali (2000, p.60) said
that translation is a process of substituting a text in one language for a text
to another. Translation discourse related with two senses. First sense is the
process of taking a Source Language (SL) text and turning it into Target Language
(TL) text which done by translator. Second sense centers on the product which
produce by translator.
John Catford, who was the first to use the term ‘translation shift’ in his A Linguistic Theory of Translation,
published in 1965 noted translation shit as “departure from formal
correspondence in the process of going from SL.” There are two major types of ‘shift’: level shifts and
category shifts:
1.
Level Shift
An SL item at a linguistic level has a TL translation
equivalent at a different level.
In theory there are 4 possible levels:
● grammar
● lexis
● phonology
● graphology
But, in practice the only possible shifts in translation
are from grammar to
lexis, or vice versa.
2.
Category Shift
A departure from
formal correspondence in translation.It occurs if the SL has different forms from the TL. So category
shifts are:
·
Structure shift is to be the most common form of shift and involve
mostly a shift in grammatical structure.
·
Class shift occurs
when the translation equivalent of SL item is a member of a different class
from the original item.
·
Unit-shift means change of rank – that is, departures from formal correspondence
in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL, is a unit at
a different rank in the TL”.
·
Intra-system
shift is a departure from formal
correspondence in which (a term operating in) one system in the SL has as its
translation equivalent (a term operating in) a different – non corresponding-system
in the TL.
RESEARCH METHOD
This
research uses a descriptive qualitative method. It means that all the data in
this research are in
the form of sentences and words, not in the form of numbers. As Wilkinson (2000,
p.7) stated that the resulting data is presented in the form of descriptions.
SOURCE OF THE DATA
The source of the data is taken from Facebook accounts
using Basa Jawa and English as the interface languages which translated by
Facebook developer. The SL is English and TL is Basa Jawa.
TECHNIQUE OF COLLECTING DATA
1. Identify the SL data which translated in TL (Basa Jawa).
2. The data of the Source language (SL) and the target
language (TL) are put together side by side in a list.
TECHNIQUE OF ANALYZING DATA
1. Editing
The data are edited, because
there might be some mistakes when they are transferred from SL into TL.
2. Selecting
The data are
selected, because there are equivalence words (no shift) which are not process
in this research.
3. Classifying
Those data are classified
into four main
categories:
·
Structure
Shift
·
Class Shift
·
Unit Shift
·
Intra-system
Shift
RESEARCH RESULT & DISCUSSION
Data
1. Home à Omah
2. News Feed à Sumebaring
Kabar
3. Message à Pesen
4. Event à Acara
5. Group à Paguyuban
6. Poke à Jawilan
7. Note à Cathetan
8. Update Status à Nganyari
Kahanan
9. Photo à Poto
10. Like à Seneng
11. Comment à Tanggapan
12. Ago à Kepungkur
13. People à Wong
14. Share à Andum
15. See More à Ndelok
Maneh
16. Via à Saka
17. Mobile Phone à Telpon
Gegem
18. Near à Cedak
19. Friends à Kanca
20. Life Event à Lelakon
Urip
21. Update Info à Nganyari
Katrangan
22. Activity Log à Cathetan
Kagiyatan
23. Place à Panggonan
24. Wall à Tembok
25. Became Friend à Kekancan
26. Joined à Melu
gabung
27. Link à Sesambungan
28. Upload à Unggah
29. Download à Unduh
30. File à Berkas
31. Chat à Jagongan
32. Notification à Pameling
33. Mutual Friend à Kanca
Sing Padha
34. Yesterday à Wingi
35. A.M Ã Esuk
36. P.M Ã Mbengi
37. Request à Panjalukan
38. Help à Pitulungan
39. Advertisement à Pariwara
40. Today’s Birthday à Tanggap
warsa dina iki
41. Is going à Mangkat
42. Maybe à Menawa
43. Work at à nyambut
gawe ing
44. Live in à manggon
ing
45. Add badge to your site à tambah
lencana neng situsmu
46. Current town à kuthane
saiki
47. Hometown à kutha
asal
48. Interested à ngesir
49. Single à dhewekan
50. It’s complicated à ruwet
51. Separated à pegatan
52. Edit à ngowahi
53. Save à simpen
54. Cancel à ora
sido
55. Sister à sedulur
wedhok
56. Brother à sedulur
lanang
57. Family à keluwarga
58. Wife à bojo
59. Husband à bojo
60. Mother à ibu
61. Father à bapak
62. Daughter à anak
wedhok
63. Son à anak
lanang
64. Auntie à mbokdhe
65. Uncle à pakdhe
66. Niece à Ponakan
67. Cousin à Misanan
68. Favorite quotation à Ukara
sing disenengi
69. About à Ngenani
70. Find Friends à Goleki
kanca
71. Payment à bayaran
72. Log out à Metu
73. Tag this photo à tandani
poto iki
74. Back to album à mbalik
neng album
75. Previous à sakdurunge
76. Next à terusane
77. Report this photo à Laporke
poto iki
78. Custom à atur
dewe
79. Only me à aku
thok
80. Close friends à konco
cedhak
81. Mention à ngomongake
82. Loading à tunggoni
sik
83. Game à dolanan
84. Now à saiki
85. Cover à samak
Equivalence (No Shift)
|
no
|
English
|
Basa Jawa
|
|
1
|
Home
|
Omah
|
|
2
|
Message
|
Pesen
|
|
3
|
Event
|
Acara
|
|
4
|
Group
|
Paguyuban
|
|
5
|
Poke
|
Jawilan
|
|
6
|
Note
|
Cathetan
|
|
7
|
Update status
|
Nganyari kahanan
|
|
8
|
Photo
|
Poto
|
|
9
|
Comment
|
Tanggapan
|
|
10
|
Ago
|
Kepungkur
|
|
11
|
Share
|
Andum
|
|
12
|
See more
|
Ndelok maneh
|
|
13
|
via
|
Saka
|
|
14
|
Near
|
Cedak
|
|
15
|
Life event
|
Lelakon urip
|
|
16
|
Update info
|
Nganyari Katrangan
|
|
17
|
Activity log
|
Cathetan Kagiyatan
|
|
18
|
Place
|
Panggonan
|
|
19
|
Wall
|
Tembok
|
|
20
|
Link
|
Sesambungan
|
|
21
|
Upload
|
Unggah
|
|
22
|
Download
|
Unduh
|
|
23
|
File
|
Berkas
|
|
24
|
Chat
|
Jagongan
|
|
25
|
Notification
|
Pameling
|
|
26
|
Yesterday
|
Wingi
|
|
27
|
Request
|
Panjalukan
|
|
28
|
Help
|
Pitulungan
|
|
29
|
Advertisement
|
Pariwara
|
|
30
|
Maybe
|
Menawa
|
|
31
|
Live in
|
Manggon ing
|
|
32
|
Add badge to your site
|
Tambah lencana neng situsmu
|
|
33
|
Single
|
Dhewekan
|
|
34
|
Edit
|
Ngowahi
|
|
35
|
Save
|
Simpen
|
|
36
|
Family
|
Keluwarga
|
|
37
|
Wife
|
Bojo
|
|
38
|
Husband
|
Bojo
|
|
39
|
Mother
|
Ibu
|
|
40
|
Father
|
Bapak
|
|
41
|
Auntie
|
Mbokdhe
|
|
42
|
Uncle
|
Pakdhe
|
|
43
|
Niece
|
Ponakan
|
|
44
|
Cousin
|
Misanan
|
|
45
|
Payment
|
Bayaran
|
|
46
|
Back to album
|
Mbalik neng album
|
|
47
|
Previous
|
Sakdurunge
|
|
48
|
Next
|
Terusane
|
|
49
|
Mention
|
Ngomongake
|
|
50
|
Game
|
Dolanan
|
|
51
|
Now
|
Saiki
|
|
52
|
Cover
|
Samak
|
1.
Structure shift
|
no
|
English
|
Basa Jawa
|
|
1
|
News feed
|
Sumebaring kabar
|
|
2
|
Mobile phone
|
Telpon gegem
|
|
3
|
Current town
|
Kuthane saiki
|
|
4
|
Tag this photo
|
Tandani poto iki
|
|
5
|
Report this
photo
|
Laporke poto iki
|
|
6
|
Only me
|
Aku thok
|
|
7
|
Close friends
|
Konco cedhak
|
2.
Class Shift
|
no
|
English
|
Basa Jawa
|
|
1
|
Like
|
Seneng
|
|
2
|
Interested
|
Ngesir
|
|
3
|
Separated
|
Pegatan
|
|
4
|
About
|
Ngenani
|
3.
Unit Shift
|
No
|
English
|
Basa Jawa
|
|
1
|
Became friend
|
Kekancan
|
|
2
|
Joined
|
Melu gabung
|
|
3
|
Mutual friend
|
Kanca sing padha
|
|
4
|
Today’s birthday
|
Tanggap warsa
dina iki
|
|
5
|
Is going
|
Mangkat
|
|
6
|
Work at
|
Nyambut gawe ing
|
|
7
|
Hometown
|
Kutha asal
|
|
8
|
It’s complicated
|
Ruwet
|
|
9
|
Cancel
|
Ora sido
|
|
10
|
Favorite
quotation
|
Ukara sing
disenengi
|
|
11
|
Log out
|
Metu
|
|
12
|
Custom
|
Atur dewe
|
|
13
|
Loading
|
Tunggoni sik
|
4.
Intra-system Shift
|
No
|
English
|
Basa
Jawa
|
|
1
|
People
|
Wong
|
|
2
|
Friends
|
Kanca
|
|
3
|
A.M
|
Esuk
|
|
4
|
P.M
|
Mbengi
|
|
5
|
Sister
|
Sedulur wedhok
|
|
6
|
Brother
|
Sedulur lanang
|
|
7
|
Daughter
|
Anak wedhok
|
|
8
|
Son
|
Anak lanang
|
|
9
|
Find friends
|
Goleki kanca
|
Percentage
Percentage
of translated items
No Shift item:
X 100 = 61,1764% Ã 61%
Shifted item:
X 100 = 38,8235% Ã 39 %
Percentage of Shift
Structure Shift:
X 100 = 21,2121 % Ã 21%
Class Shift:
X 100 = 12,1212 % Ã 12%
Unit Shift:
X 100 = 39,3939 % Ã 40%
Intra-system
Shift:
X100 = 27,2727 % Ã 27%
DISCUSSION
1.
Structure shift
|
no
|
English
|
Basa Jawa
|
|
1
|
News feed
|
Sumebaring kabar
|
|
2
|
Mobile phone
|
Telpon gegem
|
|
3
|
Current town
|
Kuthane saiki
|
|
4
|
Tag this photo
|
Tandani poto iki
|
|
5
|
Report this
photo
|
Laporke poto iki
|
|
6
|
Only me
|
Aku thok
|
|
7
|
Close friends
|
Konco cedhak
|
(1) The data shows that SL and
TL are Noun Phrases. The difference is Noun+ Adjective in SL becomes Adjective + Noun in TL.
(2) The data shows that SL and TL are Noun Phrases. The
difference is Adjective + Noun in SL becomes Noun +Adjective in TL.
(3) The data shows that SL and TL are Noun Phrases. The
difference is Adjective + Noun in SL becomes Noun +Adjective in TL.
(4)&(5) The “this photo” and “poto iki” phrases
are showing something. The difference is Determiner
+ Noun in SL becomes Noun + Determiner
in TL.
(6) The data shows that SL and TL are Noun Phrases. The
difference is Adjective + Noun in SL becomes Noun +Adjective in TL.
(7) The data shows that SL and
TL are Noun Phrases. The difference is Adjective + Noun in SL becomes Noun +Adjective in TL.
2.
Class Shift
|
no
|
English
|
Basa Jawa
|
|
8
|
Like
|
Seneng
|
|
9
|
Interested
|
Ngesir
|
|
10
|
Separated
|
Pegatan
|
|
11
|
About
|
Ngenani
|
(8) The data shows that Like ,verb, in
SL is translated into Seneng, the adjective,
in TL. The class of Like is verb
while Seneng is adjective. Like, which
is a verb, is shifted into Seneng, which is an
adjective.
(9) The data shows that Interested, Adjective, in SL
is translated into Ngesir, Verb , in TL. The
class of Interested is adjective
while Ngesir
is verb.Interested, which
is a adjective, is shifted into Ngesir, which is a verb.
(10) The data shows that Separated, verb, in SL is
translated into Pegatan, noun, in TL. The class of Separated is verb while Pegatan is noun. Separated, which
is a verb, is shifted into Pegatan, which is a noun.
(11) The data shows that About, preposition, in SL is
translated into Ngenani, verb, in TL. The class of About is preposition while Ngenani is verb. About, which
is a preposition, is shifted into Ngenani, which
is a verb.
3.
Unit Shift
|
No
|
English
|
Basa Jawa
|
|
12
|
Became friend
|
Kekancan
|
|
13
|
Joined
|
Melu gabung
|
|
14
|
Mutual friend
|
Kanca sing padha
|
|
15
|
Today’s birthday
|
Tanggap warsa
dina iki
|
|
16
|
Is going
|
Mangkat
|
|
17
|
Work at
|
Nyambut gawe ing
|
|
18
|
Hometown
|
Kutha asal
|
|
19
|
It’s complicated
|
Ruwet
|
|
20
|
Cancel
|
Ora sido
|
|
21
|
Favorite
quotation
|
Ukara sing
disenengi
|
|
22
|
Log out
|
Metu
|
|
23
|
Custom
|
Atur dewe
|
|
24
|
Loading
|
Tunggoni sik
|
(12) Became
friend in SL is a phrase but it is translated into Kekancan, a word,
in TL. The unit of Became
friend is a phrase while Kekancan is a word. Became friend which is a phrase, is
shifted into Kekancan, which is a word.
(13) Joined in SL is a word but it is
translated into Melu gabung, a phrase, in TL. The unit of Joined is a word while Melu gabung is a phrase. Joined which is a word, is
shifted into Melu gabung, which is a phrase.
(14) Mutual
friend in SL is a phrase but it is translated into Kanca sing padha, a clause, in TL. The unit of Mutual friend is a phrase
while Kanca sing padha is a clause. Mutual friend which is a phrase, is
shifted into Kanca sing
padha, which is a clause.
(15) Today’s
birthday in SL is a phrase but it is translated into Tanggap warsa dina iki, a clause, in TL. The unit of Today’s
birthday is a phrase while Tanggap warsa dina iki is a
clause. Today’s birthday which is a phrase, is
shifted into Tanggap warsa
dina iki, which is a clause.
(16) Is
going in SL is a phrase but it is translated into Mangkat, a word,
in TL. The unit of Is
going is a phrase while Mangkat is a word. Is going which is a phrase, is
shifted into Mangkat, which is a word.
(17) Work in SL is a word but it is
translated into Nyambut gawe, a phrase, in TL. The unit of Work is a word while Nyambut gawe is a phrase. Work which is a word, is shifted into Nyambut gawe, which
is a phrase.
(18) Hometown in SL is a word but it is
translated into Kutha asal, a phrase, in TL. The unit of Hometown is a word while Kutha asal is a phrase. Hometown which is a word, is
shifted into Kutha asal, which is a phrase.
(19) It’s
complicated in SL is a clause but it is translated into Ruwet, a word, in TL. The unit of It’s
complicated is a clause while Ruwet is a word. It’s
complicated which is a clause, is shifted into Ruwet, which is a word.
(20) Cancel in SL is a word but it is
translated into Ora sido, a phrase, in TL. The unit of Cancel is a word while Ora sido is a phrase. Cancel which is a word, is shifted into Ora sido, which is a phrase.
(21) Favorite
quotation in SL is a phrase but it is
translated into Ukara
sing disenengi, a clause, in TL. The unit of Favorite quotation is a phrase
while Ukara sing disenengi is a clause. Favorite quotation which is a phrase, is
shifted into Ukara sing
disenengi, which is a clause.
(22) Log
out in SL is a phrase but it is translated into Metu, a word,
in TL. The unit of Log
out is a phrase while Metu is a word. Log out which is a phrase, is
shifted into Metu, which is a word.
(23) Custom in SL is a word but it is
translated into Atur dewe, a phrase, in TL. The unit of Custom is a word while Atur dewe is a phrase. Custom which is a word, is
shifted into Atur dewe, which is a phrase.
(24) Loading in SL is a word but it is
translated into Tunggoni sik, a phrase, in TL. The unit of Loading is a word while Tunggoni
sik is a phrase. Loading which is a word, is
shifted into Tunggoni sik, which is a phrase.
4.
Intra-system Shift
|
No
|
English
|
Basa Jawa
|
|
25
|
People
|
Wong
|
|
26
|
Friends
|
Kanca
|
|
27
|
A.M
|
Esuk
|
|
28
|
P.M
|
Mbengi
|
|
29
|
Sister
|
Sedulur wedhok
|
|
30
|
Brother
|
Sedulur lanang
|
|
31
|
Daughter
|
Anak wedhok
|
|
32
|
Son
|
Anak lanang
|
|
33
|
Find friends
|
Goleki kanca
|
(25) The data shows that People, plural
noun, in SL is translated into Wong, singular noun, in TL. People, which is plural noun, is shifted into Wong, which
is singular noun.
(26)&(33) The data shows that Friends, plural
noun, in SL is translated into Kanca, singular noun, in TL. Friends, which is plural noun, is shifted into Kanca, which
is singular noun.
(27)&(28) The data shows that AM:PM are translated into Esuk:Mbengi.
English use 12-Hour system but Basa Jawa use 24-hour system. So, AM:PM are shifted into Esuk:Mbengi.
(29) The
data shows that Sister is translated
into Sedulur wedhok. English describes
the sibling relationship system based on gender but Basa Jawa describes the
sibling relationship based system the order of birth. So, Sister is shifted into Sedulur
wedhok.
(30) The
data shows that Brother is
translated into Sedulur lanang.
English describes the sibling relationship system based on gender but Basa Jawa
describes the sibling relationship based system the order of birth. So, Brother is shifted into Sedulur lanang.
(31) The
data shows that Daughter is
translated into Anak wedhok. English
describes the parent-children relationship system based on gender but Basa Jawa
describes the parent-children relationship based system the order of birth. So,
Daughter is shifted into Anak wedhok.
(32) The
data shows that Son is translated
into Anak lanang. English describes
the parent-children relationship system based on gender but Basa Jawa describes
the parent-children relationship based system the order of birth. So, Son is shifted into Anak lanang.
CONCLUSION
The research problem are what are the kind of shift
and how often the appearance of shift. the data taken from two Facebook
accounts which uses English and Basa Jawa as interface language. The researcher also takes various articles, dictionaries, books or texts
related to translation shift.
The results of the research are as follow: after
finding 85 data, data classified into equivalence and shift. Then, shift are
classified into 4 sub categories, structure shift, class shift, unit shift and
intra-system shift. Shift happens in the translation of English into Basa Jawa
with 39% of the whole data. The subcategories of shift are divided in: Structure
shift is 21%, Class shift is 12%, Unit shift is 40% and Intra-system shift is
27% of the all shifted data.
References
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Linguistic theory of Translation : An Essay in Applied
Linguistic. London : Oxford University Press.
Hatim, Basil (2004). Translation: An advanced resource book. Oxon: Routledge Taylor
& Francis group.
Machali,
Rochayah (2009). Pedoman bagi Penerjemah. Bandung: PT Mizan Pustaka.
Procter, Paul (2008). Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Poerwadarminta, W.J.S (1939). Baoesastra Djawa. Jakarta: J.B Wolters’ Uitgevers Maatschappij.
Suhardi (2008). Sintaksis: Sebuah Sudut Pandang yang Komprehensif. Jogjakarta: UNY press.
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